Heart Failure (HFA) Systolic and diastolic dysfunction, ejection fraction classifications, and neurohormonal compensation mechanisms form the core. HFA assessments probe pharmacological management—ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, aldosterone antagonists—alongside device therapies like CRT and ICD placement. Acute decompensation triggers, fluid management strategies, and end-stage palliative care round out the scope.
ESC Certification Exam
HFA Heart Failure Certification Exam
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